Young Book Club

Posts Tagged ‘authors’

Bedelia Herman

Bedelia Herman

Mar Vista Family Center Celebrates Literacy

Be My Valentine, Amelia Bedelia Parish, Herman/ Sweat, Lynn (Illustrator) $13.20

Amelia Bedelia Under Construction (I Can Read Books: Level 2 (Prebound)) Herman $19.26

Calling Doctor Amelia Bedelia (I Can Read Book. 2, Reading with Help) Herman Par $17.34

NEW Amelia Bedelia’s First Field Trip – Parish, Herman/ $10.34

AMELIA BEDELIA LOT~Play Ball~Goes Camping~Bookworm~Thank You~PEGGY Herman PARISH $9.98

AMELIA BEDELIA LOT~Thank You~Play Ball~Bookworm~HERMAN & PEGGY PARISH~ $7.98

Amelia Bedelia Goes Back to School by Herman Parish (2004, Paperback) $10.28

2DAYShip $0.99 NEW! Amelia Bedelia’s First Valentine [Hardcover] Herman Parish $14.24

Happy Haunting, Amelia Bedelia (I Can Read, Reading 2 With Help) Parish, Herman/ $19.97

NEW Calling Doctor Amelia Bedelia – Parish, Herman/ Swe $11.08

Amelia Bedelia’s First Apple Pie, Herman Parish, Good B $1.00

Good Driving, Amelia Bedelia (I Can Read Book 2) by Herman Parish $2.00

Bravo, Amelia Bedelia! by Herman Parish $2.00

Amelia Bedelia Makes a Friend by Herman Parish (2011, Paperback) $7.98

AMELIA BEDELIA BAKES OFF – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (HARDCOVER) NEW $15.95

AMELIA BEDELIA AND THE CAT – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (PAPERBACK) NEW $4.63

NEW Go West, Amelia Bedelia! – Parish, Herman/ Sweat, L $16.42

AMELIA BEDELIA’S MASTERPIECE – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (PAPERBACK) NEW $4.65

HAPPY HAUNTING, AMELIA BEDELIA – HERMAN PARISH (PAPERBACK) NEW $14.15

HAPPY HAUNTING, AMELIA BEDELIA – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (PAPERBACK) NEW $5.11

AMELIA BEDELIA UNDER CONSTRUCTION – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (PAPERBACK) NEW $4.67

CALLING DOCTOR AMELIA BEDELIA – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (PAPERBACK) NEW $4.51

AMELIA BEDELIA, BOOKWORM – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (HARDCOVER) NEW $14.81

AMELIA BEDELIA GOES BACK TO SCHOOL – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (PAPERBACK) NEW $6.66

AMELIA BEDELIA 4 MAYOR – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (HARDCOVER) NEW $15.03

BRAVO, AMELIA BEDELIA – HERMAN PARISH (PAPERBACK) NEW $15.38

AMELIA BEDELIA UNDER CONSTRUCTION – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (HARDCOVER) NEW $13.50

AMELIA BEDELIA, BOOKWORM by Herman Parish pictures Lynn Sweat $1.99

Calling Doctor Amelia Bedelia (I Can Read Book 2), Herman Parish, Acceptable Boo $1.00

Amelia Bedelia’s First Field Trip NEW by Herman Parish $16.80

Amelia Bedelia, Bookworm (I Can Read Book 2), Herman Parish, Good Book $3.46

NEW Amelia Bedelia’s First Field Trip – Parish, Herman/ $15.55

Bravo, Amelia Bedelia! by Herman S. Parish III and Herman Parish (2007) $1.99

Amelia Bedelia Goes Back to School, Herman Parish, Very Good Book $4.99

Amelia Bedelia’s First Apple Pie, Herman Parish, Good B $4.99

Amelia Bedelia, Rocket Scientist? by Herman Parish (2005, Hardcover) $2.99

NEW Bravo, Amelia Bedelia – Parish, Herman/ Sweat, Lynn $11.08

Amelia Bedelia’s First Valentine by Herman Parish $4.74

Amelia Bedelia’s First Valentine by Herman Parish (2009, Hardcover) $9.35

Amelia Bedelia Under Construction by Herman Parish I CAN READ LEVEL 2 $1.79

Bravo, Amelia Bedelia! NEW by Herman Parish $15.40

Amelia Bedelia Under Construction NEW by Herman Parish $14.17

Amelia Bedelia’s Masterpiece NEW by Herman Parish $14.17

Amelia Bedelia Bakes Off NEW by Herman Parish $14.32

NEW Amelia Bedelia, Bookworm – Herman Parish $5.99

NEW Amelia Bedelia’s First Apple Pie – Parish, Herman/ $15.55

Calling Doctor Amelia Bedelia NEW by Herman Parish $16.80

Amelia Bedelia 4 Mayor NEW by Herman Parish $16.93

Bravo, Amelia Bedelia! Parish, Herman/ Sweat, Lynn (Illustrator) $3.58

Bravo, Amelia Bedelia! by Herman Parish (2003, Paperback) $4.98

NEW Go West, Amelia Bedelia! – Parish, Herman/ Sweat, L $10.95

Be My Valentine, Amelia Bedelia Herman Parish $3.75

Amelia Bedelia’s First Day of School, Herman Parish, Go $5.99

NEW Amelia Bedelia and the Cat – Parish, Herman/ Sweat, $8.84

Amelia Bedelia and the Christmas List (Amelia Bedelia), Herman Parish, Very Good $21.61

NEW Amelia Bedelia Talks Turkey – Parish, Herman/ Sweat $11.08

NEW Amelia Bedelia Bakes Off – Parish, Herman/ Sweat, L $16.42

Amelia Bedelia, Bookworm (I Can Read Book 2) Herman Parish $4.99

AMELIA BEDELIA, ROCKET SCIENTIST? – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (PAPERBACK) NEW $5.69

Good Driving, Amelia Bedelia (I Can Read Book 2), Herman Parish, Good Book $1.00

Amelia Bedelia and the Cat-Herman Parish, Lynn Sweat $9.47

Amelia Bedelia, Rocket Scientist?; 2006 by Herman Par.. $1.99

Amelia Bedelia Under Construction (I Can Read Book 2), Herman Parish, Good Book $1.00

Amelia Bedelia and the Cat NEW by Herman Parish $14.17

Amelia Bedelia, Rocket Scientist? NEW by Herman Parish $15.40

Amelia Bedelia’s First Valentine, Herman Parish, Good B $4.99

AMELIA BEDELIA TALKS TURKEY – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (HARDCOVER) NEW $14.16

NEW Bravo, Amelia Bedelia – Parish, Herman/ Sweat, Lynn $5.99

Bravo, Amelia Bedelia!, Herman Parish, Acceptable Book $1.00

Amelia Bedelia Bakes Off NEW by Herman Parish $23.85

Calling Doctor Amelia Bedelia NEW by Herman Parish $6.44

Amelia Bedelia 4 Mayor by Herman Parish (c1999) $3.95

AMELIA BEDELIA’S FIRST VALENTINE – LYNNE AVRIL HERMAN PARISH (HARDCOVER) NEW $10.50

NEW Calling Doctor Amelia Bedelia – Herman Parish $5.99

NEW Happy Haunting, Amelia Bedelia – Parish, Herman $5.99

AMELIA BEDELIA, BOOKWORM – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (PAPERBACK) NEW $4.46

NEW Amelia Bedelia Under Construction – Parish, Herman $5.99

NEW Amelia Bedelia’s Masterpiece – Parish, Herman/ S… $5.99

BRAVO, AMELIA BEDELIA – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (PAPERBACK) NEW $4.56

GOOD DRIVING, AMELIA BEDELIA – LYNN SWEAT, ET AL. HERMAN PARISH (PAPERBACK) NEW $4.68

GOOD DRIVING, AMELIA BEDELIA – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (HARDCOVER) NEW $14.06

NEW Amelia Bedelia and the Cat – Parish, Herman/ Swe… $5.99

Happy Haunting, Amelia Bedelia NEW by Herman Parish $6.31

Amelia Bedelia Under Construction NEW by Herman Parish $6.44

CALLING DOCTOR AMELIA BEDELIA – LYNN SWEAT HERMAN PARISH (HARDCOVER) NEW $14.16

NEW Amelia Bedelia Bakes Off – Parish, Herman/ Sweat… $10.95

Amelia Bedelia Makes a Friend By Parish, Herman $22.59

Amelia Bedelia, Rocket Scientist? by Herman Parish (2007, Paperback, Reprint) $7.78

Amelia Bedelia’s Masterpiece-Herman Parish, Lynn Sweat $9.68

AMELIA BEDELIA, BOOKWORM BY HERMAN PARISH BOOK&CD USED $12.99

Amelia Bedelia Bakes Off by Herman Parish $12.99

Happy Haunting, Amelia Bedelia by Herman Parish (2006, Paperback, Reprint) $10.50

NEW Amelia Bedelia Goes Back to School – Parish, Herman $5.99

Amelia Bedelia 4 Mayor-Herman Parish, Lynn Sweat $9.68

Amelia Bedelia and the Christmas List (Amelia Bedelia) by Herman Parish $17.61

Calling Doctor Amelia Bedelia by Herman Parish (2002, Paperback) $1.00

Amelia Bedelia Goes Back to School NEW by Herman Parish $8.67

Amelia Bedelia’s Masterpiece NEW by Herman Parish $25.14

Amelia Bedelia 4 Mayor NEW by Herman Parish $6.44

Amelia Bedelia Makes a Friend NEW by Herman Parish $6.38

Hodge Deborah

Hodge Deborah

Alcoholism

Classification

Alcohol and Health

Short-term effects of alcohol

Long-term effects of alcohol

Alcohol and cardiovascular disease

Alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic hepatitis

Alcohol and cancer

Alcohol and weight

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Alcoholism

Blackout (alcohol-related amnesia)

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Recommended maximum intake

Wine and health

The definitions of alcoholism and related terminology vary significantly between the medical community, treatment programs, and the general public.

Medical definitions

The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and The American Society of Addiction Medicine define alcoholism as “a primary, chronic disease characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking.” The DSM-IV (the dominant diagnostic manual in psychiatry and psychology) defines alcohol abuse as repeated use despite recurrent adverse consequences. It further defines alcohol dependence as alcohol abuse combined with tolerance, withdrawal, and an uncontrollable drive to drink. (See DSM diagnosis below.) Within psychology and psychiatry, alcoholism is the popular term for alcohol dependence.

Terminology

Many terms are applied to a drinker’s relationship with alcohol. Use, misuse, heavy use, abuse, addiction, and dependence are all common labels used to describe drinking habits, but the actual meaning of these words can vary greatly depending upon the context in which they are used. Even within the medical field, the definition can vary between areas of specialization. Because alcoholism is often used in a derogatory sense in politics and religion, the meanings of the words surrounding it are often used imprecisely.

Use refers to simple use of a substance. An individual who drinks any alcoholic beverage is using alcohol. Misuse, problem use, abuse, and heavy use refers to improper use of alcohol which may cause physical, social, or moral harm to the drinker.

Moderate Use is defined by The Dietary Guidelines for Americans as no more than two alcoholic beverages per day for men and no more than one alcoholic beverage per day for women.

Risk factors

About 40 percent of those who begin drinking alcohol before age 14 develop alcohol dependence, whereas only 10 percent of those who did not begin drinking until 20 years or older developed an alcohol problem in later life, although it should be born in mind that Correlation does not imply causation. Alcohol abuse during adolescence may lead to long-term changes in the brain which leaves them at increased risk of alcoholism in later years; genetic factors also influence age of onset of alcohol abuse and risk of alcoholism.

The age of onset of drinking as well as genetic factors are associated with an increased risk of the development of alcoholism. Individuals who have a pre-existing vulnerability to alcoholism are also more likely to begin drinking earlier than average. The risk taking behavior associated with adolescence promotes binge drinking. Age and genetic factors influence the risk of developing alcohol related neurotoxicity. Genetic traits which influence the risk of the development of alcoholism are associated with a family history of alcoholism. One published article has found that alcohol use at an early age may itself directly influence the risk of developing alcoholism via influencing the expression of genes which increase the risk of alcohol dependence. It has been hypothesized that this increased risk may be due to the highly sensitive developing adolescent brain which leads to modulating of the genetic state of the brain which in turn primes the adolescent for increased risk of alcohol dependence. About 40 percent of alcoholics were drinking excessively by late adolescence. Most alcoholics develop alcoholism during adolescence or young adulthood. Severe childhood trauma is also associated with an increased risk of alcohol or other drug problems. There is evidence that a complex mixture of genetic factors as well as environmental factors, e.g. stressful childhood events, influence the risk of the development of alcoholism. Genes which influence the metabolism of alcohol also influence the risk of alcoholism. Good peer and family support is associated with a reduced risk of alcoholism developing.

Signs and symptoms

Effects of long term alcohol misuse

Main article: Long-term effects of alcohol

Most significant of the possible long-term effects of ethanol. Additionally, in pregnant women, it causes fetal alcohol syndrome.

The primary effect of alcoholism is to encourage the sufferer to drink at times and in amounts that are damaging to physical health. The secondary damage caused by an inability to control one’s drinking manifests in many ways. Alcoholism also has significant social costs to both the alcoholic and their family and friends. Alcoholism can have adverse effects on mental health causing psychiatric disorders to develop. Approximately 18 percent of alcoholics commit suicide. Research has found that over fifty percent of all suicides are associated with alcohol or drug dependence. In adolescents the figure is higher with alcohol or drug misuse playing a role in up to 70 percent of suicides.

Physical health effects

The physical health effects associated with alcohol consumption may include cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, epilepsy, polyneuropathy, alcoholic dementia, heart disease, increased chance of cancer, nutritional deficiencies, sexual dysfunction, and death from many sources. Severe cognitive problems are not uncommon in alcoholics. Approximately 10% of all dementia cases are alcohol related making alcohol the 2nd leading cause of dementia. Other adverse effects on physical health include an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, malabsorption, alcoholic liver disease, and cancer. Damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur from sustained alcohol consumption.

Mental health effects

Long term misuse of alcohol can cause a wide range of mental health effects. Alcohol misuse is not only toxic to the body but also to brain function and thus psychological well being can be adversely affected by the long-term effects of misuse. Psychiatric disorders are common in alcoholics, especially anxiety and depression disorders, with as many as 25% of alcoholics presenting with severe psychiatric disturbances. Typically these psychiatric symptoms caused by alcohol misuse initially worsen during alcohol withdrawal but with abstinence these psychiatric symptoms typically gradually improve or disappear altogether. Psychosis, confusion and organic brain syndrome may be induced by chronic alcohol abuse which can lead to a misdiagnosis of major mental health disorders such as schizophrenia. Panic disorder can develop as a direct result of long term alcohol misuse. Panic disorder can also worsen or occur as part of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Chronic alcohol misuse can cause panic disorder to develop or worsen an underlying panic disorder via distortion of the neurochemical system in the brain.

The co-occurrence of major depressive disorder and alcoholism is well documented. Among those with comorbid occurrences, a distinction is commonly made between depressive episodes that are secondary to the pharmacological or toxic effects of heavy alcohol use and remit with abstinence, and depressive episodes that are primary and do not remit with abstinence. Additional use of other drugs may increase the risk of depression in alcoholics. Depressive episodes with an onset prior to heavy drinking or those that continue in the absence of heavy drinking are typically referred to as “independent” episodes, whereas those that appear to be etiologically related to heavy drinking are termed “substance-induced”. There is a high rate of suicide in chronic alcoholics with the risk of suicide increasing the longer a person drinks. The reasons believed to cause the increased risk of suicide in alcoholics include the long-term abuse of alcohol causing physiological distortion of brain chemistry as well as the social isolation which is common in alcoholics. Suicide is also very common in adolescent alcohol abusers, with 1 in 4 suicides in adolescents being related to alcohol abuse.

Social effects

The social problems arising from alcoholism can be massive and are caused in part due to the serious pathological changes induced in the brain from prolonged alcohol misuse and partly because of the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Alcohol abuse is also associated with increased risks of committing criminal offences including child abuse, domestic violence, rapes, burglaries and assaults. Alcoholism is associated with loss of employment, which can lead to financial problems including the loss of living quarters. Drinking at inappropriate times, and behavior caused by reduced judgment, can lead to legal consequences, such as criminal charges for drunk driving or public disorder, or civil penalties for tortious behavior. An alcoholic’s behavior and mental impairment while drunk can profoundly impact those surrounding them and lead to isolation fromfamily and friends, possibly leading to marital conflict and divorce, or contributing to domestic violence. This can contribute to a loss of self-esteem and even lead to jail. Alcoholism can also lead to child neglect, with subsequent lasting damage to the emotional development of the alcoholic’s children, even after they reach adulthood.

Alcohol withdrawal

Main article: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Alcohol withdrawal differs significantly from most other drugs in that it can be directly fatal. For example it is extremely rare for heroin withdrawal to be fatal. When people die from heroin or cocaine withdrawal they typically have serious underlying health problems which are made worse by the strain of acute withdrawal. An alcoholic, however, who has no serious health issues, has a significant risk of dying from the direct effects of withdrawal if it is not properly managed. Sedative-hypnotic drugs such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines which have a similar mechanism of action to alcohol (which is also a sedative-hypnotic) also have a similar risk of causing death during withdrawal.

Alcohol’s primary effect is the increase in stimulation of the GABAA receptor, promoting central nervous system depression. With repeated heavy consumption of alcohol, these receptors are desensitized and reduced in number, resulting in tolerance and physical dependence. Thus when alcohol is stopped, especially abruptly, the person’s nervous system suffers from uncontrolled synapse firing. This can result in symptoms that include anxiety, life threatening seizures, delirium tremens and hallucinations, shakes and possible heart failure.

Acute withdrawal symptoms tend to subside after one to three weeks. Less severe symptoms (e.g. insomnia and anxiety, anhedonia) may continue as part of a post withdrawal syndrome gradually improving with abstinence for a year or more. Withdrawal symptoms begin to subside as the body and central nervous system makes adaptations to reverse tolerance and restore GABA function towards normal. Other neurotransmitter systems are involved, especially glutamate and NMDA.

Diagnosis

Multiple tools are available to those wishing to conduct screening for alcoholism. Identification involves an objective assessment regarding the damage that imbibing alcohol does to the drinker’s life compared with the subjective benefits the drinker perceives from consuming alcohol. While there are many cases where an alcoholic’s life has been significantly and obviously damaged, there are always borderline cases that can be difficult to classify.

Addiction Medicine specialists have extensive training with respect to diagnosing and treating patients with alcoholism.

Screening

Several tools may be used to detect a loss of control of alcohol use. These tools are mostly self reports in questionnaire form. Another common theme is a score or tally that sums up the general severity of alcohol use.

The CAGE questionnaire, named for its four questions, is one such example that may be used to screen patients quickly in a doctor’s office.

Two “yes” responses indicate that the respondent should be investigated further. The questionnaire asks the following questions:

Have you ever felt you needed to Cut down on your drinking?

Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?

Have you ever felt Guilty about drinking?

Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning (Eye-opener) to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?

The CAGE questionnaire, has demonstrated a high effectiveness in detecting alcohol related problems; however, it has limitations in people with less severe alcohol related problems, white women and college students.

The Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire is a more sensitive diagnostic test than the CAGE test. It helps distinguish a diagnosis of alcohol dependence from one of heavy alcohol use.

The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) is a screening tool for alcoholism widely used by courts to determine the appropriate sentencing for people convicted of alcohol-related offenses, driving under the influence being the most common.

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a screening questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization. This test is unique in that it has been validated in six countries and is used internationally. Like the CAGE questionnaire, it uses a simple set of questions – a high score earning a deeper investigation.

The Paddington Alcohol Test (PAT) was designed to screen for alcohol related problems amongst those attending Accident and Emergency departments. It concords well with the AUDIT questionnaire but is administered in a fifth of the time.

Genetic predisposition testing

Psychiatric geneticists John I. Nurnberger, Jr., and Laura Jean Bierut suggest that alcoholism does not have a single causencluding geneticut that genes do play an important role “by affecting processes in the body and brain that interact with one another and with an individual’s life experiences to produce protection or susceptibility.” They also report that fewer than a dozen alcoholism-related genes have been identified, but that more likely await discovery.

At least one genetic test exists for an allele that is correlated to alcoholism and opiate addiction. Human dopamine receptor genes have a detectable variation referred to as the DRD2 TaqI polymorphism. Those who possess the A1 allele (variation) of this polymorphism have a small but significant tendency towards addiction to opiates and endorphin releasing drugs like alcohol. Although this allele is slightly more common in alcoholics and opiate addicts, it is not by itself an adequate predictor of alcoholism, and some researchers argue that evidence for DRD2 is contradictory.

DSM diagnosis

The DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence represents one approach to the definition of alcoholism. In part this is to assist in the development of research protocols in which findings can be compared with one another. According to the DSM-IV, an alcohol dependence diagnosis is:

…maladaptive alcohol use with clinically significant impairment as manifested by at least three of the following within any one-year period: tolerance; withdrawal; taken in greater amounts or over longer time course than intended; desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control use; great deal of time spent obtaining, using, or recovering from use; social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced; continued use despite knowledge of physical or psychological sequelae.

Urine and blood tests

There are reliable tests for the actual use of alcohol, one common test being that of blood alcohol content (BAC). These tests do not differentiate alcoholics from non-alcoholics; however, long-term heavy drinking does have a few recognizable effects on the body, including:

Macrocytosis (enlarged MCV)1

Elevated GGT

Moderate elevation of AST and ALT and an AST: ALT ratio of 2:1.

High carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT)

However, none of these blood tests for biological markers are as sensitive as screening questionaires.

Prevention

Because alcohol use disorders are perceived as impacting society as a whole, World Health Organization, the European Union and other regional bodies, national governments and parliaments have formed alcohol policies in order to reduce the harm of alcoholism.

To combat the health, social and educational underachievement which results from alcohol or drug dependence targeting adolescents and young adults is regarded as an important step to reduce the harm of alcohol abuse. The age at which licit drugs of abuse such as alcohol can be purchased as well as banning or restricting advertising of alcohol has been recommended. Credible and evidence based educational drives in the mass media about the consequences of alcohol and other drug abuse has also been recommended. Guidelines for parents on alcohol and drug use during adolescence and targeting young people with mental health problems has also been suggested to prevent the harm of alcohol and other drug abuse.

Management

Treatments for alcoholism (antidipsotropic) are quite varied because there are multiple perspectives for the condition itself. Those who approach alcoholism as a medical condition or disease recommend differing treatments than, for instance, those who approach the condition as one of social choice.

Most treatments focus on helping people discontinue their alcohol intake, followed up with life training and/or social support in order to help them resist a return to alcohol use. Since alcoholism involves multiple factors which encourage a person to continue drinking, they must all be addressed in order to successfully prevent a relapse. An example of this kind of treatment is detoxification followed by a combination of supportive therapy, attendance at self-help groups, and ongoing development of coping mechanisms. The treatment community for alcoholism typically supports an abstinence-based zero tolerance approach; however, there are some who promote a harm-reduction approach as well.

Effectiveness

When considering the effectiveness of treatment options, one must consider the success rate based on those who enter a program, not just those who complete it. Since completion of a program is the qualification for success, success among those who complete a program is generally near 100%. It is also important to consider not just the rate of those reaching treatment goals but the rate of those relapsing. Results should also be compared to the roughly 5% rate at which people will quit on their own. A year after completing a rehab program, about a third of alcoholics are sober, an additional 40 percent are substantially improved but still drink heavily on occasion, and a quarter have completely relapsed.

Detoxification

Main article: Alcohol detoxification

Alcohol detoxification or ‘detox’ for alcoholics is an abrupt stop of alcohol drinking coupled with the substitution of drugs that have similar effects to prevent alcohol withdrawal.

Detoxification treats the physical effects of prolonged use of alcohol, but does not actually treat alcoholism. After detox is complete, relapse is likely without further treatment. These rehabilitations (or ‘rehabs’) may take place in an inpatient or outpatient setting.

Group therapy and psychotherapy

A regional service center for Alcoholics Anonymous.

After detoxification, various forms of group therapy or psychotherapy can be used to deal with underlying psychological issues that are related to alcohol addiction, as well as provide relapse prevention skills.

The mutual-help group-counseling approach is one of the most common ways of helping alcoholics maintain sobriety. Many organizations have been formed to provide this service. Alcoholics Anonymous was the first group, and has more members than all other programs combined. Some of the others include LifeRing Secular Recovery, Rational Recovery, SMART Recovery, and Women For Sobriety.

Rationing and moderation

Rationing and moderation programs such as Moderation Management and DrinkWise do not mandate complete abstinence. While most alcoholics are unable to limit their drinking in this way, some return to moderate drinking. A 2002 U.S. study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) showed that 17.7% of individuals diagnosed as alcohol dependent more than one year prior returned to low-risk drinking. This group, however, showed fewer initial symptoms of dependency. A follow-up study, using the same subjects that were judged to be in remission in 2001-2002, examined the rates of return to problem drinking in 2004-2005. The study found abstinence from alcohol was the most stable form of remission for recovering alcoholics. A long-term (60 year) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men concluded that “return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence.”

Medications

A variety of medications may be prescribed as part of treatment for alcoholism.

Medications currently in use

Antabuse (disulfiram) prevents the elimination of acetaldehyde, a chemical the body produces when breaking down ethanol. Acetaldehyde itself is the cause of many hangover symptoms from alcohol use. The overall effect is severe discomfort when alcohol is ingested: an extremely fast-acting and long-lasting uncomfortable hangover. This discourages an alcoholic from drinking in significant amounts while they take the medicine. A recent 9-year study found that incorporation of supervised disulfiram and a related compound carbamide into a comprehensive treatment program resulted in an abstinence rate of over 50%.

Temposil (calcium carbimide) works in the same way as Antabuse, but is weaker and safer[citation needed].

Naltrexone is a competitive antagonist for opioid receptors, effectively blocking our ability to use endorphins and opiates. Alcohol causes the body to release endorphins, hence when naltrexone is in the body drinkers no longer get any pleasure from consuming alcohol. Naltrexone is used in two very different forms of treatment. The first treatment uses naltrexone to decrease cravings for alcohol and encourage abstinence. The other treatment, called pharmacological extinction, combines naltrexone with normal drinking habits in order to reverse the endorphin conditioning that causes alcohol addiction. This results in a reduced desire to drink that persists after naltrexone use is discontinued, as long as the patient always takes naltrexone before drinking.

Naltrexone comes in two forms. Oral naltrexone (originally but no longer available as the brand ReVia) is a pill that must be taken one hour before drinking to be effective. Vivitrol is a time-release formulation that is injected in the buttocks once a month.

Acamprosate (also known as Campral) is thought to stabilize the chemical balance of the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcoholism. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved this drug in 2004, saying “While its mechanism of action is not fully understood, Campral is thought to act on the brain pathways related to alcohol abuse… Campral proved superior to placebo in maintaining abstinence for a short period of time…” The COMBINE study was unable to demonstrate efficacy for Acamprosate.

Experimental Medications

Many experimental medications are presently in clinical trials for the treatment of alcoholism. Promising results have been obtained with anticonvulsant drugs usually used to treat epilepsy.

Topiramate (brand name Topamax), a derivative of the naturally occurring sugar monosaccharide D-fructose, has been found effective in helping alcoholics quit or cut back on the amount they drink. In one study heavy drinkers were six times more likely to remain abstinent for a month if they took the medication, even in small doses. In another study, those who received topiramate had fewer heavy drinking days, fewer drinks per day and more days of continuous abstinence than those who received the placebo. Evidence suggests that topiramate antagonizes excitatory glutamate receptors, inhibits dopamine release, and enhances inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid function. A 2008 review of the effectiness of topiramate concluded that the results of published trials are promising, however at this time, data are insufficient to support using topiramate in conjunction with brief weekly compliance counseling as a first-line agent for alcohol dependence.

Medications which may worsen outcome

Benzodiazepines, whilst useful in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal, if used long-term cause a worse outcome in alcoholism. Alcoholics on chronic benzodiazepines have a lower rate of achieving abstinence from alcohol than those not taking benzodiazepines. This class of drugs are commonly prescribed to alcoholics for insomnia or anxiety management. Initiating prescriptions of Benzodiazepines or sedative-hypnotics in individuals in recovery has a high rate of relapse with one author reporting more than a quarter of people relapse after being prescribed sedative-hypnotics. Patients often mistakenly think that they are sober despite continuing to take benzodiazepines. Those who are long-term users of benzodiazepines should not be withdrawn rapidly, taper regimes of 612 months have been found to be the most successful, with reduced intensity of withdrawal.

Dual addictions

The AMA definition of alcoholism refers to a disease entity involving the compulsive use of alcohol despite social, physical and mental harm.[citation needed]. The DSM-IV definition of alcohol dependence refers to alcohol only, and DSM-IV uses sedative dependence to refer to the disease entity involving non-alcohol sedative agents.[citation needed]

Alcoholics may also require treatment for other psychotropic drug addictions. The most common dual addiction in alcohol dependence is a benzodiazepine dependence with studies showing 10 – 20% of alcohol dependent individuals having problems of dependence and/or misuse problems of benzodiazepines. Alcohol itself is a sedative-hypnotic and is cross-tolerant with other sedative-hypnotics such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines and the nonbenzodiazepines. Dependence on other sedative hypnotics such as zolpidem and zopiclone as well as opiates and illegal drugs is common in alcoholics. Dependence and withdrawal from sedative hypnotics, eg benzodiazepine withdrawal is similar to alcohol and can be medically severe and include the risk of psychosis and seizures if not managed properly. Benzodiazepine dependency requires careful reduction in dosage to avoid a serious benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome and health consequences. Benzodiazepines have the problem of increasing cravings for alcohol in problem alcohol consumers. Benzodiazepines also increase the volume of alcohol consumed by problem drinkers.

Epidemiology

Disability-adjusted life year for alcohol use disorders per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.

     no data      less than 50      50-150      150-250      250-350      350-450      450-550      550-650      650-750      750-850      850-950      950-1050      more than 1050

Total recorded yearly alcohol per capita consumption (15+), in litres of pure alcohol

Substance use disorders are a major public health problem facing many countries. “The most common substance of abuse/dependence in patients presenting for treatment is alcohol.” In the United Kingdom, the number of ‘dependent drinkers’ was calculated as over 2.8 million in 2001. The World Health Organization estimates that about 140 million people throughout the world suffer from alcohol dependence. In the United States and western Europe 10 to 20% of men and 5 to 10% of women at some point in their lives will meet criteria for alcoholism.

Within the medical and scientific communities, there is broad consensus regarding alcoholism as a disease state. For example, the American Medical Association considers alcohol a drug and states that “drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite often devastating consequences. It results from a complex interplay of biological vulnerability, environmental exposure, and developmental factors (e.g., stage of brain maturity).”

Current evidence indicates that in both men and women, alcoholism is 50-60% genetically determined, leaving 40-50% for environmental influences.

A 2002 study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism surveyed a group of 4,422 adults meeting the criteria for alcohol dependence and found that after one year, some met the authors’ criteria for low-risk drinking, even though only 25.5% of the group received any treatment, with the breakdown as follows:

25% still dependent

27.3% in partial remission (some symptoms persist)

11.8% asymptomatic drinkers (consumption increases chances of relapse)

35.9% fully recovered made up of 17.7% low-risk drinkers plus 18.2% abstainers.

In contrast, however, the results of a long term (60 year) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men by George Vaillant at Harvard Medical School indicated that “return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence.” Vaillant also noted that “return-to-controlled drinking, as reported in short-term studies, is often a mirage.”

History

Etymology

1904 advertisement describing alcoholism as a disease.

The term “alcoholism” was first used in 1849 by the Swedish physician Magnus Huss to describe the systematic adverse effects of alcohol.

In the United States, use of the word “alcoholism” was largely popularized by the founding and growth of Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935[citation needed]. AA’s basic text, known as the “Big Book,” describes alcoholism as an illness that involves a physical allergy:p.xxviii and a mental obsession.:p.23 Note that the definition of “allergy” used in this context is not the same as used in modern medicine. . The doctor and addiction specialist Dr. William D. Silkworth M.D. writes on behalf of AA that Alcoholics suffer from a “(physical) craving beyond mental control”.

A 1960 study by E. Morton Jellinek is considered the foundation of the modern disease theory of alcoholism. Jellinek’s definition restricted the use of the word “alcoholism” to those showing a particular natural history. The modern medical definition of alcoholism has been revised numerous times since then. The American Medical Association currently uses the word alcoholism to refer to a particular chronic primary disease.

A minority opinion within the field, notably advocated by Herbert Fingarette and Stanton Peele, argue against the existence of alcoholism as a disease. Critics of the disease model tend to use the term “heavy drinking” when discussing the negative effects of alcohol consumption.

Society and culture

The various health problems associated with long-term alcohol consumption are generally perceived as detrimental to society, for example, money due to lost labor-hours, medical costs, and secondary treatment costs. Alcohol use is a major contributing factor for head injuries, motor vehicle accidents, violence, and assaults. Beyond money, there is also the pain and suffering of the individuals besides the alcoholic affected. For instance, alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman can lead to Fetal alcohol syndrome, an incurable and damaging condition.

Estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse, collected by the World Health Organization, vary from one to six per cent of a country’s GDP. One Australian estimate pegged alcohol’s social costs at 24 per cent of all drug abuse costs; a similar Canadian study concluded alcohol’s share was 41 per cent.

A study quantified the cost to the UK of all forms of alcohol misuse as 18.520 billion annually (2001 figures).

Stereotypes

Depiction of a wino or town drunk

Stereotypes of alcoholics are often found in fiction and popular culture. The ‘town drunk’ is a stock character in Western popular culture.

Stereotypes of drunkenness may be based on racism or xenophobia, as in the depiction of the Irish as heavy drinkers.

Studies by social psychologists Stivers and Greeley attempt to document the perceived prevalence of high alcohol consumption amongst the Irish in America.

Alcohol-related crime

See also: Drug-related crime

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. (July 2009)

Of the adult US population, at least 75% are drinkers; and about 6% of the total group are alcoholics. In groups which are almost 100% drinkers, the alcoholism rate is about 8%. Many reports state that about 73% of felonies are alcohol-related. One survey shows that in about 67% of child-beating cases, 41% of forcible rape cases, 80% of wife-battering, 72% of stabbings, and 83% of homicides, either the attacker or the victim or both had been drinking.”

In film and literature

In modern times, the recovery movement has led to more realistic depictions of problems that stem from heavy alcohol use. Authors such as Charles R. Jackson and Charles Bukowski describe their own alcohol addiction in their writings. The disjointed narrative of Patrick Hamilton’s Hangover Square reflects the alcoholism of its central character. A famous depiction of alcoholism, and the psychology of an alcoholic, is in Malcolm Lowry’s widely acclaimed novel Under the Volcano, which details the final day of the British consul Geoffrey Firmin on the Day of the Dead in 1939 Mexico and his choice to continue his extreme alcohol consumption instead of returning to the wife he loves.

Films like Bad Santa, Barfly, Days of Wine and Roses, Ironweed, My Name Is Bill W., Withnail and I, Arthur, Leaving Las Vegas, When a Man Loves a Woman, Shattered Spirits and The Lost Weekend chronicle similar stories of alcoholism.

Women and alcoholism

Alcoholism has a higher prevalence among men, though in recent decades, the proportion of female alcoholics has increased. It is important to articulate the different biological and social ways alcoholism manifests in women in order to understand barriers to treatment and effective recovery strategies.

William Hogarth’s Gin Lane, 1751.

Biological differences and physiological effects

Biologically, women have symptom profiles from their alcohol use that differ in important ways from men. They experience a telescoping of physiological effects from alcohol use. Equal dosages of alcohol consumed by men and women generally result in women having higher blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). This can be attributed to many reasons, the main being that women have less body water than men. A given amount of alcohol, therefore becomes more highly concentrated in a woman’s body. Besides this fact, women also become more intoxicated, which is due to different hormone release.

Women develop long-term complications of alcohol dependence more rapidly than do alcoholic men. Additionally, women have a higher mortality rate from alcoholism than men. Examples of long term complications include brain, heart, and liver damage and an increased risk for breast cancer (see alcohol and breast cancer). Additionally, heavy drinking over time has been found to have a negative effect on reproductive functioning in women. This results in reproductive dysfunction such as anovulation, decreased ovarian mass, irregular menses, amenorrhea, luteal phase dysfunction, and early menopause.

Psychological and emotional effects

Psychiatric disorders are generally more prevalent among those with alcohol disorders. This is true for both men and women, however the disorders differ depending on gender. Women who have alcohol-use disorders often have co-occurring psychiatric diagnosis such as major depression, anxiety, panic disorder, bulimia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or borderline personality disorder. Men with alcohol-use disorders more often have co-occurring diagnosis of narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, impulse disorders and attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

Women with alcoholism are also more likely to have a history of physical or sexual assault, abuse and domestic violence than those in the general population. This trauma can lead to higher instances of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and a greater dependence on alcohol.

Societal barriers to treatment

Attitudes and social stereotypes about women and alcohol can create barriers to the detection and treatment of female alcohol abusers. Such beliefs stigmatize women who drink by characterizing them as “both generally and sexually immoral” or the “fallen women.” Fear of stigmatization may lead women to deny that they are suffering from a medical condition, to hide their drinking, and to drink alone. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be less likely to suspect that a woman they know is an alcoholic.

In contrast, attitudes and social stereotypes about men and alcohol can lower barriers to the detection and treatment of male alcohol abusers. Such beliefs reward men who drink by characterizing them as “both generally and sexually moral” or the “risen men.” Reduced fear of stigma may lead men to admit that they are suffering from a medical condition, to publicly display their drinking, and to drink in groups. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be more likely to suspect that a man they know is an alcoholic. Women also tend to have a greater fear that the negative implications from the stigma will reflect poorly on their families. This may also keep them from seeking help.

Implications for treatment

Research has indicated a lack of adequate training for practitioners both in problematic alcohol use in general, and in relation to women’s issues. The complexity of alcohol use disorders, particularly with gender-related issues, indicates that the need for practitioners’ knowledge, insight and compassion is enormous. Better education and awareness surrounding the gender implications of alcoholism will help care providers to adequately treat women who suffer from alcoholism. Early intervention will also increase the probability of recovery.

See also

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alcoholism

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alcoholism

Alcohol consumption and health

Alcoholism in family systems

Alcohol dementia

Alcohol-related traffic crashes

Alcohol tolerance

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Alcoholic lung disease

Binge drinking

List of countries by alcohol consumption

Alcohol intoxication

E. Morton Jellinek

Ethanol Metabolism biochemical discussion of alcohol metabolism

Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse

Hangover

List of deaths through alcohol

Substance abuse

Self-medication

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Willingway Hospital

Medical diagnostics to test for alcohol use

Blood alcohol content

Full blood count

Liver function tests

Al-Anon and Alateen: support groups for friends and families affected by alcoholism

References

^ The American Medical Association “Definitions”

^ www.dictionary.com,Definition: dipsomania

^ Glavas MM, Weinberg J (2006). “Stress, Alcohol Consumption, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis”. in Yehuda S, Mostofsky DI. Nutrients, Stress, and Medical Disorders. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 165183. ISBN 978-1-58829-432-6. 

^ Agarwal-Kozlowski, K.; Agarwal, DP. (Apr 2000). “[Genetic predisposition for alcoholism]“. Ther Umsch 57 (4): 17984. PMID 10804873. 

^ Chen, CY.; Storr, CL.; Anthony, JC. (Mar 2009). “Early-onset drug use and risk for drug dependence problems.”. Addict Behav 34 (3): 31922. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.10.021. PMID 19022584. 

^ Vodka kills as many Russians as a war, says report in The Lancet. Times Online. June 27, 2009.

^ Morse RM, Flavin DK (August 1992). “The definition of alcoholism. The Joint Committee of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism”. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 268 (8): 10124. doi:10.1001/jama.268.8.1012. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 1501306. 

^ a b c VandenBos, Gary R. (15 July 2006). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1-59147-380-0. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OSoZAQAAIAAJ. 

^ of the American Heritage Dictionaries, Editors (12 April 2006). The American Heritage dictionary of the English language (4 ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-70172-8. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uPCFIQAACAAJ. “To use wrongly or improperly; misuse: abuse alcohol” 

^ “Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005″. USA: health.gov. 2005. http://www.health.gov/DIETARYGUIDELINES/dga2005/document/html/chapter9.htm.  Dietary Guidelines]

^ Grant, BF.; Dawson, DA. (1997). “Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey.”. J Subst Abuse 9: 10310. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(97)90009-2. PMID 9494942. 

^ a b “Early Age At First Drink May Modify Tween/Teen Risk For Alcohol Dependence”. Medical News Today. 21 September 2009. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164576.php. 

^ Bowden, SC.; Crews, FT.; Bates, ME.; Fals-Stewart, W.; Ambrose, ML. (Feb 2001). “Neurotoxicity and neurocognitive impairments with alcohol and drug-use disorders: potential roles in addiction and recovery.”. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25 (2): 31721. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02215.x. PMID 11236849. 

^ Bierut, LJ.; Schuckit, MA.; Hesselbrock, V.; Reich, T. (2000). “Co-occurring risk factors for alcohol dependence and habitual smoking.”. Alcohol Res Health 24 (4): 23341. PMID 15986718. 

^ Agrawal, Arpana; Sartor, Carolyn E.; Lynskey, Michael T.; Grant, Julia D.; Pergadia, Michele L.; Grucza, Richard; Bucholz, Kathleen K.; Nelson, Elliot C. et al. (2009). “Evidence for an Interaction Between Age at First Drink and Genetic Influences on DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence Symptoms”. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 33: 2047. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01044.x. 

^ Enoch, MA. (Dec 2006). “Genetic and environmental influences on the development of alcoholism: resilience vs. risk.”. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1094: 193201. doi:10.1196/annals.1376.019. PMID 17347351. 

^ a b c McCully, Chris (2004). Goodbye Mr. Wonderful. Alcohol, Addition and Early Recovery.. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84310-265-6. http://www.jkp.com/catalogue/book/9781843102656/contents. 

^ Dunn, N; Cook (March 1999). “Psychiatric aspects of alcohol misuse.”. Hospital medicine (London, England : 1998) 60 (3): 16972. ISSN 1462-3935. PMID 10476237. 

^ Wilson, Richard; Kolander, Cheryl A. (2003). Drug abuse prevention: a school and community partnership. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett. pp. 4045. ISBN 978-0-7637-1461-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Cm1MfcBSucUC. 

^ Miller, NS; Mahler; Gold (1991). “Suicide risk associated with drug and alcohol dependence.”. Journal of addictive diseases 10 (3): 4961. doi:10.1300/J069v10n03_06. ISSN 1055-0887. PMID 1932152. 

^ a b Professor Georgy Bakalkin (8 July 2008). “Alcoholism-associated molecular adaptations in brain neurocognitive circuits”. eurekalert.org. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-07/econ-ma070808.php. Retrieved 14 February 2009. 

^ Mller D, Koch RD, von Specht H, Vlker W, Mnch EM (March 1985). “[Neurophysiologic findings in chronic alcohol abuse]” (in German). Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 37 (3): 12932. PMID 2988001. 

^ Testino G (2008). “Alcoholic diseases in hepato-gastroenterology: a point of view”. Hepatogastroenterology 55 (82-83): 3717. PMID 18613369. 

^ Oscar-Berman, Marlene; Marinkovic, Ksenija (2003). “Alcoholism and the brain: an overview”. Alcohol Res Health 27 (2): 12533. PMID 15303622. 

^ Wetterling T; Junghanns, K (September 2000). “Psychopathology of alcoholics during withdrawal and early abstinence”. Eur Psychiatry 15 (8): 4838. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00519-8. ISSN 0924-9338. PMID 11175926. 

^ Schuckit MA (November 1983). “Alcoholism and other psychiatric disorders”. Hosp Community Psychiatry 34 (11): 10227. ISSN 0022-1597. PMID 6642446. 

^ Cowley DS (January 24, 1992). “Alcohol abuse, substance abuse, and panic disorder”. Am J Med 92 (1A): 41S48S. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(92)90136-Y. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 1346485. 

^ Cosci F; Schruers, KR; Abrams, K; Griez, EJ (June 2007). “Alcohol use disorders and panic disorder: a review of the evidence of a direct relationship”. J Clin Psychiatry 68 (6): 87480. doi:10.4088/JCP.v68n0608. ISSN 0160-6689. PMID 17592911. 

^ Grant BF, Harford TC (October 1995). “Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression: results of a national survey”. Drug Alcohol Depend 39 (3): 197206. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(95)01160-4. ISSN 0376-8716. PMID 8556968. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0376871695011604. 

^ Kandel DB, Huang FY, Davies M (October 2001). “Comorbidity between patterns of substance use dependence and psychiatric syndromes”. Drug Alcohol Depend 64 (2): 23341. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00126-0. ISSN 0376-8716. PMID 11543993. 

^ Cornelius JR, Bukstein O, Salloum I, Clark D (2003). “Alcohol and psychiatric comorbidity”. Recent Dev Alcohol 16: 36174. doi:10.1007/0-306-47939-7_24. ISSN 0738-422X. PMID 12638646. 

^ Schuckit M (June 1983). “Alcoholic patients with secondary depression”. Am J Psychiatry 140 (6): 7114. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 6846629. http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6846629. 

^ Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Bergman M, Reich W, Hesselbrock VM, Smith TL (July 1997). “Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorders in 2,945 alcoholics”. Am J Psychiatry 154 (7): 94857. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 9210745. http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9210745. 

^ Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Bucholz KK (October 1997). “The life-time rates of three major mood disorders and four major anxiety disorders in alcoholics and controls”. Addiction 92 (10): 1289304. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02848.x. ISSN 0965-2140. PMID 9489046. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0965-2140&date=1997&volume=92&issue=10&spage=1289. 

^ Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP (November 2007). “A comparison of factors associated with substance-induced versus independent depressions”. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 68 (6): 80512. ISSN 1937-1888. PMID 17960298. 

^ O’Connor, Rory; Sheehy, Noel (29 Jan 2000). Understanding suicidal behaviour. Leicester: BPS Books. pp. 3337. ISBN 978-1-85433-290-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=79hEYGdDA3oC. 

^ Isralowitz, Richard (2004). Drug use: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 122123. ISBN 978-1-57607-708-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X0mxxfbIbp4C. 

^ Langdana, Farrokh K. (27 March 2009). Macroeconomic Policy: Demystifying Monetary and Fiscal Policy (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-387-77665-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCYWQn79JYwC. 

^ Gifford, Maria (22 October 2009). Alcoholism (Biographies of Disease). Greenwood Press. pp. 8991. ISBN 978-0-313-35908-8. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OJV12astRUC. 

^ Schad, Johannes Petrus (October 2006). The Complete Encyclopedia of Medicine and Health. Foreign Media Books. pp. 132133. ISBN 978-1-60136-001-4. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j8DuEHxSCU4C. 

^ Galanter, Marc; Kleber, Herbert D. (1 July 2008). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment (4th ed.). United States of America: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. p. 58. ISBN 978-1585622764. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC. 

^ Dart, Richard C. (1 December 2003). Medical Toxicology (3rd ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 139140. ISBN 978-0781728454. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qDf3AO8nILoC. 

^ Idemudia SO, Bhadra S, Lal H (June 1989). “The pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal is potentiated by bicuculline and picrotoxinin”. Neuropsychopharmacology 2 (2): 11522. doi:10.1016/0893-133X(89)90014-6. ISSN 0893-133X. PMID 2742726. 

^ Martinotti G; Nicola, MD; Reina, D; Andreoli, S; Foc, F; Cunniff, A; Tonioni, F; Bria, P et al. (2008). “Alcohol protracted withdrawal syndrome: the role of anhedonia”. Subst Use Misuse 43 (3-4): 27184. doi:10.1080/10826080701202429. ISSN 1082-6084. PMID 18365930. 

^ Stojek A; Madejski, J; Dedelis, E; Janicki, K (May-June 1990). “[Correction of the symptoms of late substance withdrawal syndrome by intra-conjunctival administration of 5% homatropine solution (preliminary report)]“. Psychiatr Pol 24 (3): 195201. ISSN 0033-2674. PMID 2084727. 

^ Le Bon O; Murphy, JR; Staner, L; Hoffmann, G; Kormoss, N; Kentos, M; Dupont, P; Lion, K et al. (August 2003). “Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of trazodone in alcohol post-withdrawal syndrome: polysomnographic and clinical evaluations”. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23 (4): 37783. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000085411.08426.d3. ISSN 0271-0749. PMID 12920414. 

^ Sanna, E; Mostallino, Mc; Busonero, F; Talani, G; Tranquilli, S; Mameli, M; Spiga, S; Follesa, P et al. (17 December 2003). “Changes in GABA(A) receptor gene expression associated with selective alterations in receptor function and pharmacology after ethanol withdrawal”. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 23 (37): 1171124. ISSN 0270-6474. PMID 14684873. http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/23/37/11711. 

^ Idemudia SO, Bhadra S, Lal H (June 1989). “The pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal is potentiated by bicuculline and picrotoxinin”. Neuropsychopharmacology 2 (2): 11522. doi:10.1016/0893-133X(89)90014-6. PMID 2742726. 

^ Chastain, G (October 2006). “Alcohol, neurotransmitter systems, and behavior.”. The Journal of general psychology 133 (4): 32935. doi:10.3200/GENP.133.4.329-335. ISSN 0022-1309. PMID 17128954. 

^ Ewing JA (October 1984). “Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire”. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 252 (14): 19057. doi:10.1001/jama.252.14.1905. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 6471323. 

^ CAGE Questionnaire (PDF)

^ Dhalla, S.; Kopec, JA. (2007). “The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies.”. Clin Invest Med 30 (1): 33-41. PMID 17716538. 

^ Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire (SADD)

^ Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST)

^ AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Care

^ Smith, SG; Touquet, R; Wright, S; Das Gupta, N (September 1996). “Detection of alcohol misusing patients in accident and emergency departments: the Paddington alcohol test (PAT)”. Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine (British Association for Accident and Emergency Medicine) 13 (5): 308312. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh049. ISSN 1351-0622. PMID 8894853. PMC 1342761. http://emj.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/5/308?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=Paddington+Alcohol+Test&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT,HWELTR. Retrieved 2006-11-19. 

^ a b Nurnberger, Jr., John I., and Bierut, Laura Jean. “Seeking the Connections: Alcoholism and our Genes.” Scientific American, Apr 2007, Vol. 296, Issue 4.

^ New York Daily News (William Sherman) Test targets addiction gene 11 February 2006

^ Berggren U, Fahlke C, Aronsson E (September 2006). “The taqI DRD2 A1 allele is associated with alcohol-dependence although its effect size is small” (Free full text). Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) 41 (5): 47985. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agl043. ISSN 0735-0414. PMID 16751215. http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/41/5/479. 

^ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 31 July 1994. ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W-BGAAAAMAAJ. 

^ Jones, AW. (2006). “Urine as a biological specimen for forensic analysis of alcohol and variability in the urine-to-blood relationship.”. Toxicol Rev 25 (1): 15-35. PMID 16856767. 

^ Das, SK.; Dhanya, L.; Vasudevan, DM. (2008). “Biomarkers of alcoholism: an updated review.”. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 68 (2): 81-92. doi:10.1080/00365510701532662. PMID 17852805. 

^ World Health Organisation (2010). “Alcohol”. http://www.who.int/topics/alcohol_drinking/en/. 

^ “Alcohol policy in the WHO European Region: current status and the way forward” (PDF). World Health Organisation. 12 September 2005. http://www.euro.who.int/document/mediacentre/fs1005e.pdf. 

^ Crews, F.; He, J.; Hodge, C. (Feb 2007). “Adolescent cortical development: a critical period of vulnerability for addiction.”. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 86 (2): 18999. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.12.001. PMID 17222895. 

^ a b Gabbard: “Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders”. Published by the American Psychiatric Association: 3rd edition, 2001, ISBN 0-88048-910-3

^ Smart RG (April 1976). “Spontaneous recovery in alcoholics: a review and analysis of the available research”. Drug and alcohol dependence 1 (4): 27785. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(76)90023-5. ISSN 0376-8716. PMID 797563. 

^ Based on information from Dr. Mark Willenbring of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the February 2007 issue of Newsweek – Adler, Jerry; Underwood, Anne; Kelley, Raina; Springen, Karen; Breslau, Karen. “Rehab Reality Check” Newsweek, 2/19/2007, Vol. 149 Issue 8, p44-46, 3p, 4c

^ Dawson, Deborah A.; Grant, Bridget F.; Stinson, Frederick S.; Chou, Patricia S.; Huang, Boji; Ruan, W. June (2005). “Recovery from DSM-IV alcohol dependence: United States, 2001-2002″. Addiction 100 (3): 281. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00964.x. PMID 15733237. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh29-2/131-142.htm. 

^ Dawson, Deborah A.; Goldstein, Ris B.; Grant, Bridget F. (2007). “Rates and correlates of relapse among individuals in remission from DSM-IV alcohol dependence: a 3-year follow-up”. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 31: 2036. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00536.x. 

^ Vaillant, GE (2003). “A 60-year follow-up of alcoholic men”. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 98 (8): 104351. PMID 12873238. 

^ Krampe H, Stawicki S, Wagner T (January 2006). “Follow-up of 180 alcoholic patients for up to 7 years after outpatient treatment: impact of alcohol deterrents on outcome”. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research 30 (1): 8695. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00013.x. ISSN 0145-6008. PMID 16433735. 

^ “FDA Approves New Drug for Treatment of Alcoholism”. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/answers/2004/ANS01302.html. Retrieved 2006-04-02. ”

^ “Naltrexone or Specialized Alcohol Counseling an Effective Treatment for Alcohol Dependence When Delivered with Medical Management”. 2006-05-02. http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/COMBINERelease.htm. 

^ New Treatments for Alcoholism (From Mouse to Man) http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/mouse-man/200901/potential-treatments-alcoholism-and-drug-addiction

^ Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Bowden CL (May 2003). “Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial”. Lancet 361 (9370): 167785. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13370-3. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 12767733. 

^ Swift RM (May 2003). “Topiramate for the treatment of alcohol dependence: initiating abstinence”. Lancet 361 (9370): 16667. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13378-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 12767727. 

^ Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA (October 2007). “Topiramate for treating alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial”. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 298 (14): 164151. doi:10.1001/jama.298.14.1641. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 17925516. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/298/14/1641. 

^ Olmsted CL, Kockler DR (October 2008). “Topiramate for alcohol dependence”. Ann Pharmacother 42 (10): 147580. doi:10.1345/aph.1L157. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 18698008. 

^ Lindsay, S.J.E.; Powell, Graham E., eds (28 July 1998). The Handbook of Clinical Adult Psychology (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 402. ISBN 978-0415072151. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a6A9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA380. 

^ Gitlow, Stuart (1 October 2006). Substance Use Disorders: A Practical Guide (2nd ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 52 and 103121. ISBN 978-0781769983. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rbrSdWVerBUC. 

^ Johansson BA, Berglund M, Hanson M, Phln C, Persson I (November 2003). “Dependence on legal psychotropic drugs among alcoholics” (PDF). Alcohol Alcohol. 38 (6): 6138. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agg123. ISSN 0735-0414. PMID 14633651. http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/38/6/613. 

^ Poulos CX, Zack M (November 2004). “Low-dose diazepam primes motivation for alcohol and alcohol-related semantic networks in problem drinkers”. Behav Pharmacol 15 (7): 50312. doi:10.1097/00008877-200411000-00006. ISSN 0955-8810. PMID 15472572. 

^ Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004

^ a b Cabinet Office Strategy Unit Alcohol misuse: How much does it cost? September 2003

^ WHO European Ministerial Conference on Young People and Alcohol

^ WHO to meet beverage company representatives to discuss health-related alcohol issues

^ “Alcoholism”. Encyclopdia Britannica.

^ a b http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/388/sci_drug_addiction.pdf

^ Dick DM, Bierut LJ (April 2006). “The genetics of alcohol dependence”. Current psychiatry reports 8 (2): 1517. doi:10.1007/s11920-006-0015-1. ISSN 1523-3812. PMID 16539893. 

^ National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 2001-2002 Survey Finds That Many Recover From Alcoholism Press release 18 January 2005.

^ Vaillant GE (August 2003). “A 60-year follow-up of alcoholic men”. Addiction. 98 (8): 104351. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00422.x. ISSN 0965-2140. PMID 12873238. 

^ Alcoholismus chronicus, eller Chronisk alkoholssjukdom:. Stockholm und Leipzig. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wt6r2Zw8sCEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&ots=TTCBeEzjQ2&sig=jxuMZ5wgL48SZjvu1PcwXIdjFJw#PPP1,M1. Retrieved 2008-02-19. 

^ a b Anonymous; The first 100 members of AA (1939, 2001). [www.aa.org Alcoholics Anonymous: the story of how many thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism]. New York City: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. xxxii, 575 p.. ISBN 1893007162. www.aa.org. 

^ “The Big Book Self Test:”. intoaction.us. http://www.intoaction.us/SelfTest.html. Retrieved 2008-02-19. 

^ Kay AB (2000). “Overview of ‘allergy and allergic diseases: with a view to the future’”. Br. Med. Bull. 56 (4): 84364. doi:10.1258/0007142001903481. ISSN 0007-1420. PMID 11359624. 

^ “Alcoholics Anonymous” p XXVI

^ “OCTOBER 22 DEATHS”. todayinsci.com. http://www.todayinsci.com/10/10_22.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-18. 

^ CDC. (2004). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis. Can be downloaded at http://www.cdc.gov/fas/faspub.htm

^ Streissguth, A. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing. ISBN 1-55766-283-5.

^ “Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004″ (PDF). World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_status_report_2004_overview.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-03. 

^ “Economic cost of alcohol consumption”. World Health Organization Global Alcohol Database. http://www.who.int/globalatlas/dataQuery/objectInterface.asp?objID=359&boCat=&p=null&lvl=0&catID=520700000000&level=2. Retrieved 2007-01-03. 

^ “Q&A: The costs of alcohol”. BBC. 2003-09-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3122244.stm. 

^ “World/Global Alcohol/Drink Consumption 2007″. http://www.finfacts.ie/Private/bestprice/alcoholdrinkconsumptionpriceseurope.htm. 

^ “The World’s Drunks: The Irish”. http://clippednews.wordpress.com/2007/03/14/the-worlds-drunks-the-irish/. 

^ Stivers, Richard (2000). Hair of the dog: Irish drinking and its American stereotype. London: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-1218-1. 

^ http://www.enotalone.com/article/5540.html

^ a b c Walter H., Gutierrez K., Ramskogler K., Hertling I., Dvorak A., Lesch O.M (June 2003). “gender-specific differences in alcoholism: implications for treatment”. Archives of Women’s Mental Health 6: 253268. doi:10.1007/s/00737-003-0014-8 (inactive 2009-04-04). 

^ a b c d e f Karrol Brad R. (2002). “Women and alcohol use disorders: a review of important knowledge and its implications for social work practitioners”. Journal of social work 2 (3): 337356. doi:10.1177/146801730200200305….
About the Author

I am China Manufacturers writer, reports some information about baby tricycle , toddler bibs.

Celebrate Science – A Sciencefest in Support of The Canadian Children’s Book Centre

FOREST ANIMALS – PAT STEPHENS DEBORAH HODGE (HARDCOVER) NEW $15.81

POLAR ANIMALS – PAT STEPHENS DEBORAH HODGE (HARDCOVER) NEW $14.31

SAVANNA ANIMALS – PAT STEPHENS DEBORAH HODGE (HARDCOVER) NEW $15.38

DESERT ANIMALS – PAT STEPHENS DEBORAH HODGE (HARDCOVER) NEW $16.73

Deer, Moose, Elk and Caribou (Kids Can Press Wildlife Series), Deborah Hodge, Ac $1.00

Polar Animals NEW by Deborah Hodge $15.40

LA HISTORIA DE EMMA / EMMA’S STOR – SONG NAN ZHANG DEBORAH HODGE (HARDCOVER) NEW $17.25

Desire VHS Martin Kemp, Kate Hodge, Deborah Shelton $49.99

Desert Animals NEW by Deborah Hodge $7.78

Eagles (Kids Can Press Wildlife Series), Deborah Hodge, $5.53

Who Lives Here? Rain Forest Animals, Deborah Hodge, Acc $7.17

DESERT ANIMALS – PAT STEPHENS DEBORAH HODGE (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.33

Watch Me Grow! By Hodge, Deborah/ Harris, Brian (ILT) $21.75

Up We Grow! By Hodge, Deborah/ Harris, Brian (PHT) $21.75

La Historia De Emma / Emmas Story By Hodge, Deborah/ Zhang, Song Nan $24.11

Eagles (Kids Can Press Wildlife Series), Deborah Hodge, Very Good Book $5.76

NEW Up We Grow! – Hodge, Deborah/ Harris, Brian (PHT) $10.32

SIMPLE MACHINES – DEBORAH HODGE, ET AL. ADRIENNE MASON (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.78

Lily and the Mixed-Up Letters NEW by Deborah Hodge $20.13

SALMON – NANCY GRAY OGLE DEBORAH HODGE (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.61

WETLAND ANIMALS – PAT STEPHENS DEBORAH HODGE (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.65

NEW Lily And the Mixed-up Letters – Hodge, Deborah/ Bra $13.39

Up We Grow!: A Year in th.., Hodge, Deborah and Harri 9781554535613 NEW Book $18.53

Simple Machines NEW by Deborah Hodge $8.56

LILY AND THE MIXED-UP LETTERS – FRANCE BRASSARD DEBORAH HODGE (HARDCOVER) NEW $18.83

BEARS – PAT STEPHENS DEBORAH HODGE (PAPERBACK) NEW $8.26

Forest Animals NEW by Deborah Hodge $8.45

Looking at Bears NEW by Deborah Hodge $6.94

RAIN FOREST ANIMALS – PAT STEPHENS DEBORAH HODGE (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.89

SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES – DEBORAH HODGE, ET AL. LOUISE OSBORNE (PAPERBACK) NEW $8.53

NEW Simple Machines – Mason, Adrienne/ Hodge, Deborah/ $5.99

Who Lives Here? Savanna Animals NEW by Deborah Hodge $8.45

UP WE GROW! – BRIAN HARRIS DEBORAH HODGE (HARDCOVER) NEW $15.35

EXPLORATIONS IN PRECALC – BONNIE M. HODGE DEBORAH JOLLY COCHENER (PAPERBACK) NEW $58.27

Who Lives Here? Polar Animals by Deborah Hodge $4.42

Plants Boudreau, Ray (Illustrator)/ Hodge, Deborah/ Ontario Science Centre/ Maso $7.39

Looking at Bears (Kids Can Read) by Deborah Hodge $0.99

WATCH ME GROW! – BRIAN HARRIS DEBORAH HODGE (HARDCOVER) NEW $15.53

DEER, MOOSE, ELK & CARIBOU – PAT STEPHENS DEBORAH HODGE (PAPERBACK) NEW $8.94

Emma’s Story, Deborah Hodge, Good Book $13.35

Lily and the Mixed-Up Letters by Deborah Hodge $9.72

LOOKING AT BEARS – PAT STEPHENS DEBORAH HODGE (PAPERBACK) NEW $6.59

EXPLORATIONS IN BEGINNI – BONNIE M. HODGE DEBORAH JOLLY COCHENER (PAPERBACK) NEW $68.11

WHO LIVES HERE? FOREST ANIMALS – PAT STEPHENS DEBORAH HODGE (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.65

Deer, Moose, Elk & Caribou By Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (ILT) $14.44

Deer, Moose, Elk and Caribou NEW by Deborah Hodge $9.28

La Historia De Emma / Emma’s Story Deborah Hodge/ Song Nan Zhang $25.08

Wetland Animals NEW by Deborah Hodge $7.67

Desire (VHS, 1997) Martin Kemp! Kate Hodge Deborah Shelton! OOP! $9.99

Forest Animals NEW by Deborah Hodge $16.75

Lily And the Mixed-up Letters Hodge, Deborah/ Brassard, France (Illustrator) $24.87

Whales by Deborah Hodge (1997) $4.99

WETLAND ANIMALS – PAT STEPHENS DEBORAH HODGE (HARDCOVER) NEW $14.63

Emma’s Story Hodge, Deborah/ Zhang, Song Nan (Illustrator) $46.66

NEW Watch Me Grow! – Hodge, Deborah/ Harris, Brian (PHT $10.32

Salmon NEW by Deborah Hodge $8.98

Rain Forest Animals NEW by Deborah Hodge $8.98

Wetland Animals NEW by Deborah Hodge $16.75

Desert Animals NEW by Deborah Hodge $16.75

Looking at Wild Cats NEW by Deborah Hodge $7.00

Simple Machines By Mason, Adrienne/ Hodge, Deborah/ Ontario Science Centre $11.55

Looking at Wild Cats by Deborah Hodge (2008, Paperback) $3.34

La Historia De Emma / Emma’s Story NEW by Deborah Hodge $18.85

Three Girls and a Guy NEW by Deborah A. Hodge $27.30

Cate’s Second Chance NEW by Deborah A. Hodge $33.15

The Globalization of Class Actions Hensler, Deborah R. (Editor)/ Hodges, Christo $74.71

Polar Animals by Deborah Hodge (2008, Paperback) $32.56

Savanna Animals NEW by Deborah Hodge $15.40

Bears: Polar Bears, Black Bears and Grizzly Bears Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat $8.26

Wild Cats: Cougars, Bobcats and Lynx Hodge, Deborah/ Ogle, Nancy Gray (Illustrat $7.59

Simple Machines Mason, Adrienne/ Hodge, Deborah/ Ontario Science Centre $7.09

Deer, Moose, Elk and Caribou (Kids Can Press Wildlife Series) Hodge, Deborah/ St $8.26

Salmon (Kids Can Press Wildlife Series) Hodge, Deborah/ Ogle, Nancy Gray (Illust $6.42

The Kids Book of Canadian Immigration Deborah Hodge John Mantha $30.84

Rain Forest Animals Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $6.10

Polar Animals Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $19.06

Polar Animals Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $24.14

Wetland Animals Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $18.85

Rain Forest Animals Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $41.15

Wetland Animals Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $5.64

Desert Animals Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $18.85

Desert Animals Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $5.64

Who Lives Here? Forest Animals Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $18.99

Who Lives Here? Forest Animals Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $6.21

Savanna Animals Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $6.19

Savanna Animals Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $19.18

Looking at Bears Hodge, Deborah/ Stephens, Pat (Illustrator) $3.84

Looking at Wild Cats Hodge, Deborah/ Ogle, Nancy Gray (Illustrator) $3.88

Up We Grow!: A Year in the Life of a Small, Local Farm Hodge, Deborah/ Harris, B $23.35

Watch Me Grow!: A Down-to-earth Look at Growing Food in the City Hodge, Deborah/ $23.35

Walt Disney’s Summer Magic 7″ extended play “Mini-LP” with 7 songs from the Disney film soundtrack album BV-4025. “Ugly Bug Ball”; “Beautiful Beulah”; “Flitterin”; “Summer Magic”; “On The Front Porch”; Pink of Perfection”; and Femininity”….

Summer Magic [VHS] $9.00 This classic 1963 Disney film features child icon Hayley Mills as Nancy Carey, a teenage girl whose family moves from Boston to the New England countryside as a result of their father’s untimely passing. Nancy writes to the kindly Mr. Poppem (Burl Ives) and single-handedly convinces him to rent the family a charming, if run-down, house for a mere $60 a year. Ever the optimist, Nancy brims wi…

Shell Seekers [VHS] $3.50 …

Shell Seekers [VHS] $9.98 …

The Firm $2.99 …

Summer Magic $5.37 Features include: •MPAA Rating: G•Format: DVD•Runtime: 110 minutes…

Summer Magic $1.99 …

Simple Machines (Starting with Science) $3.27 Thirteen experiments about the six simple machines — the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge and screw — teach kids about basic science. Full-color photographs and step-by-step instructions clearly explain each activity, so that kids can make the most of the machines with minimal help from adults. Part of the Starting with Science series, Simple Machines encourages children to h…

Critters of Mossy Creek (Mossy Creek Hometown) $14.95 Springtime brings thoughts of love to people all over the world, and Creekites are no exception. Although love to Creekites isn t necessarily romantic. Take, for example, how they feel about their pets. Dogs, cats, birds, and fish take center stage as we once again see how the Southern half lives. Your favorites are back and in just as much trouble as ever. Amos and Ida are still circling each oth…

Bears : Polar Bears, Black Bears and Grizzly Bears (Kids Can Press Wildlife Series) $4.00 The eating habits of bears is one of 14 topics in this clearly written look at three North American bears — grizzly bears, polar bears and black bears. In this fascinating book in the popular and informative Kids Can Press Wildlife Series you’ll find out how and where bears live, how they give birth and raise their cubs, what they eat and much more. Did you know? * Bears eat so much in the fall t…

Paula Danzig

Paula Danzig

Hooking Reluctant Readers

A while back, I was shopping in the book section of Costco, a tempting place for a book-lover. While browsing the latest thrillers, I overheard this exchange between a middle-school girl and her mother.

Girl: “But why can’t I read The Da Vinci Code?”

Mom: “It’s a grown-up book, honey. Here, take this one.”

Girl: “The Hobbit? I don’t want to read that; it’s a little kid’s book.”

Mom: “We want you to read The Hobbit.”

At that point, I felt like stepping in and saying, “Excuse me, ma’am, I’m an author. Step away from The Hobbit. Let the girl read what she likes.”

The truth is, it’s hard enough to get some kids to put their nose in a book. No need to complicate matters by trying to make them read something they don’t like.

Educators, parents and authors all want to keep reluctant readers reading. But those readers can be finickier than a roomful of felines at a cat food taste test. Maybe they know what they like; maybe they only know what they don’t like.

I believe that all it takes to create a reader is the right book. Finding that tale is the trick.

So how do you pick books that will hook reluctant readers? Each child is different, with very particular tastes. Nevertheless, here are some key elements that engage child readers, along with some suggested titles:

HUMOR

Whether you hate or love Captain Underpants, you can’t deny that his humor captures readers – especially boys. Kids love to laugh, and if you can put funny books in their hands, they’ll keep gobbling them up.

Captain Underpants by Dav Pilkey

Time Warp Trio by Jon Scieszka

Bunnicula: A Rabbit Tale of Mystery by Deborah and James Howe

The Chet Gecko Mysteries by Bruce Hale

Mr. Chickee’s Funny Money by Christopher Paul Curtis

SYMPATHETIC CHARACTERS

Whatever genre the story falls into, it must have a main character that the reader claims as a friend. And just as important, the tale must be told in concise, vigorous writing. Reluctant readers don’t have the patience to slog through lengthy or convoluted prose.

Amber Brown by Paula Danziger

Millicent Min, Girl Genius by Lisa Yee

The Hank Zipzer series by Henry Winkler and Lin Oliver

Superfudge by Judy Blume

FANTASY

Kids love books that take a compelling “what if” (what if a treehouse was a time machine? what if a boy went to wizard school?) and spin out a story. Alternate worlds, magical happenings, extraterrestrials — all of these can capture the unmotivated reader’s imagination.

Magic Tree House series by Mary Pope Osborne

Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling

The Bartimeus Trilogy by Jonathan Stroud

My Teacher Is an Alien by Bruce Coville

Ella Enchanted by Gail Carson Levine

ACTION

With so much competition from movies, TV and videogames, books must move if they want to entice. Slow-paced stories are fine for more experienced readers, but reluctant readers need books that hit the ground running.

Alex Rider by Anthony Horowitz

Artemis Fowl by Eoin Colfer

The Redwall books by Brian Jacques

Maniac Magee by Jerry Spinelli

Hatchet by Gary Paulsen

THE PROMISE THAT SOMETHING WILL HAPPEN

This is why we all read, to see what happens next in the story. A book that builds suspense early on and maintains it will keep kids reading.

Animorphs by K.A. Applegate

Holes by Louis Sachar

Matt Christopher Sports Series by Matt Christopher

Goosebumps by R.L. Stine

SERIES

Series are training-wheel books. They provide familiar characters in a familiar world that’s easier to lose yourself in with each new title. Series books build literacy skills and create new readers.

A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket

Judy Moody by Megan McDonald

Percy Jackson & The Olympians by Rick Riordan

The Magic Schoolbus series by Joanna Cole

STRONG VISUALS

Graphic novels, manga, and comic books, with their strong visual content, will hook plenty of reluctant readers — especially boys. These books can serve as a stepping-stone to longer fiction.

Usagi Yojimbo by Stan Sakai

Bone by Jeff Smith

Groo the Wanderer by Sergio Aragones

Babymouse by Jennifer and Matthew Holm

SEEING THEMSELVES

Some reluctant readers don’t want fantasy; they want the real world. If we take the time to give them books with multicultural characters they can identify with, those readers will respond.

Esperanza Rising by Pam Munoz Ryan

Bucking the Sarge by Christopher Paul Curtis

Who Am I Without Him? Sharon Flake (YA)

Some say that it’s not good to give kids certain kinds of books, that it’s not wise to let them read comic books or escapist literature. Personally, I’m happy if kids read almost anything — magazines, video game instructions, cereal boxes, or the writing on the wall — as long as they’re reading.

First we have to show them that reading can be fun. Only after that goal is accomplished can we offer them more challenging books that will open up their minds.

If we want to have a literate nation in the future, reaching reluctant readers now is our first task. (After that, we can focus on playing “book police” at Costco. Just kidding.)

About the Author

Bruce Hale is the author of over 20 books for kids, including the Edgar-nominated series, The Chet Gecko Mysteries, and the forthcoming graphic novel/fiction series, Underwhere. He speaks at schools, conferences, and businesses across North America. You can find Bruce on the Web at:
http://www.brucehale.com

Robin the big mouth wonder

Get Ready for Second Grade, Amber Brown by Paula Danzig $11.99

Not for a Billion Gazillion Dollars NEW by Paula Danzig $9.08

Wendy Orr

Wendy Orr

A Special Thanks From Healthcare Networks of America

In recognition of National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, Healthcare Networks of America would like to take this opportunity to say thank you to our providers that help every day in the fight against breast cancer. Thank you to all of our Oncologists, Radiologists, Pathologists, Surgeons, Obstetricians, Gynecologists, Plastic Surgeons, and all others that play such an important role in this battle. Here are just a few of so many of these providers..

Oncology -

Mehdi Ahmadi Charles Henderson   Vasily Assikis Anthony Hoffman   Ernie Balcueva Alexandra Ikeguchi   Muralidhar Beeram David Jones   Jonathan Bender Baruch Kahana   Linda Bosserman Moyeen Khaleeli   Alfred Brandon Parvez Khan   Robert Cody Todd Kliewer   Delfino Crescenzo Amy Lang   Peter De Ipolyi Cynthia Leichman   Joseph Doggett Lawrence Leichman   Ronald Drengler Philip Leming   Lisa Fichtel Brian Mannion   Sanjay Ganpule Gregory Merrick   Allison Garner Eric Mininberg   Hind Hamdan Glen Morehead   Stephen Hamilton Amita Patnaik  

Radiology & Oncology -

Ardow Ameduri Jeffrey Gefter Ashwin Patel James Bicher Robert Geisler William Permenter Christopher Bozarth Harvey Gilbert William Podolsky Norman Brodsky Emily Grade Francis Powers Matthew Carpenter Hoke Han Swapnil Rajurkar Sea Chen Debra Harr Troy Richards Rachel Chou Frank Howard Jeffrey Richmond Teresa Craig Madhu John Marvin Rotman Giatri Dave Steven Kim Omar Salazar Sulabha Dave Paul Koerner Susan Salter Jeffrey Demanes Irwin Lee Kum Song Vasudeo Diwan Roberto Lipsztein Robert Summe Roland Dumas Li Liu Krupali Tejura Sanjay Emandi Gayla Lowery Sandra Tincher V. Emandi John Lyons Jefferson Trupp Keith Eyre Cornelia McCluskey Michael Watson Robert Field Travers McLouglin James Wurzer Marc Fields Joaquin Mira Vincent Yeung Kris Gast Nena Mirkovic Sylvia Zubyk Michael Gauwitz Anand Parthasarathy  

Radiology -

Lori Atkins Scott Boruchov Bilha Chesner-Fish Shiu-Cheong Au Joseph Branda Philip Clifford John Boatner Raymond Brown Steven Clifford Melisa Boersma Wendy Browne-Foye Robert Conner Eric Cotton Douglas Holder Israel Rebarber Alan Cousin Douglas Hornsby Gary Reister Gerold Dalrymple Christine Huxol Paul Reznikov Jack Dalton Mohammad Jilani Michael Riccione A. Dikengil Steve Karp John Rigney Timothy Dineen Kamal Khalaf Norbert Roihl Daniel Dow Kamilia Kozlowski Bonnie Rosen Fred Emrick James Larose Hedieh Saghari Nurettin Eryilmaz Patrick Lynch Sonja Schaffer Noam Eshkar Grace Malantic-Lu Dennis Schmidt Frederick Farrar Mark Malley Ronald Setzkorn George Flinn Moises Margolis Vilasini Shanbag Robert Friedman Mark Marzano Daniel Simon Robert Friedman Bob Maxcey Henry Smith Juan Gaia Gerard McCrohan Serge Somrov Thomas Gates Benjamin McDaniel Lucille Taverna Solomon Genuth Arthur McLaughlin Neere Ummat Louis George Richard Ozmun George Webber Vincenzo Giuliano Martin Parker Edward Weber Vishan Giyanani Billy Parkhill Murray Weissmann Atefeh Gupta Robert Pham Deborah Winters Joseph Harpole Mangala Rajan Caryn Wunderlich Michael Hartman Farida Rajput Samret Yaukoolbodi Thomas Hoffer Roberson Raymond Hector Zepeda

Plastic Surgery -

Jeffrey Arons Teresa Elliott Milton Muller Marvin Arons Todd Farnworth Richard Rehmeyer Steven Barr Martin Fox Franklin Rose Ronald Barry Clarence Freed Ronald Rosso Stephen Bennett Basith Ghazali Gary Salomon Mark Blake Miles Graivier Hisham Seify Mark Boland Magdy Habib Preecha Supanwanid Scot Callahan Charles Hughes Deborah Trojanowski Francis Collini Ravindranath Kambhampati Lois Wagstrom Anne Cramer Mark Larson Robert Wald William Dascombe Frank LeTard Maurine Waterhouse John Derr Bill Mitchell Alan Weiss Geoffrey Durham-Smith Armando Moncada Randall Zane

Pathology -

Mariano Allen Lizardo Cerezo Ellen Dudrey Fabien Baksh Yvette Clifford Raymond Franklin Emmett Bentley Daniel Cruz William Holm Ian Birkett C. Dolan Christopher Hornsby John Brineman Peter Donshik Mark Hurt Alvin Bryan Richard Dover Peter Isaac Shail Jain Gary Pearl Stephen Sturdivant Andrew Kanik Gerald Penn Octavio Trejo Thaddeus Khachaturian David Pope Cheng Tsai Lynn Kime Susan Rendon Carlos Urmacher Shuan Li Fausto Rodriguez Arturo Vargas Karen Lister Paul Sagerman Stephen Walter Luis Llamas Newton Sampaio James Whitaker Anwar Molani Idalia Santaella Sharenda Williams Thomas Mulhollan A. Schott Harry Wilson Stephen Mullins Andrew Sloman Muhammad Zaman Diosdado Non Paul Stout Weigang Zhu

Psychology -

Margaret Alvarez Mary Jonsson Angel Rodriguez Mildred Antonelli William Kleinpeter William Ronan Alice Berkowitz William Kossow Kaisiraja Sathappan Edward Black Joel Lazar Marcia Schultz King Buchanan Irwin Lehrhoff Virginia Sloan Harry Davidson Carole Lovell Barbara Sloggett B. Duthler John McInroy Hamilton Small Hanna Fogel Richard Melito Gundlapalli Surya Ramesh Gihwala Katherine Muir Michael Tansy Carolyn Grarely-Moss Daniel Overbeck Carey Washington Richard Greenbaum Dwight Owens Gerald Wellens Harvey Halberstadt Lynn Price   Hampton Howell Randy Robinson  

Genetics -

Eileen Colligan Rezaur Rahman   Tejinder Kalra Katherine Thompson

General Surgery -

Steven Abbate Norman Baron C. Buckingham Melvin Abend John Bateman Richard Cardone Sohrab Afshari Cedric Bautista Paul Carmichael Chad Anderson Gregory Beard Anthony Carrato An Ang Howard Beaton David Carroll Marvin Atchison Charles Beggs Louis Certo Muhammad Atif Carl Bergren Vijayan Charles Kent Azaren Bobby Bhasker-Rao Damian Chaupin Thuc Bach Noel Blackman Kun Cho Alvaro Bada Joseph Blandford Stevan Clark Bryan Baer Michael Bono Edward Clifford Luis Barandiaran Elizabeth Brew Charles Cox Luis Barbe David Brotman David Crnic Brian Barbick Robert Brown Ibrahim Daoud Sarat Dash Ramachandra Kolachalam Eric Orr Juan De Cruz Charles Koller Daniel Para Joanna Deleo Kent Kossoy Rashmi Patel Stephen DeSantis Kenneth Kushner Joseph Pietrafitta Richard Detwiler Patrick Kwan Rachael Powell Richard Dillman Sam Kwauk Praveen Prasad Robert DiTullio T. Lawhon Surendra Purohit Deborah Dowden Thomas Layman Robert Rankel Robert Ellison Patrick Lehti David Ratliff Thomas Estes Harvey Lerner James Ray David Faber Hong-Der Lin Aguedo Retodo Hossein Faiz Horace Lo Jay Richardson Felicito Faller Hamilton Lokey Barry Rogers Zouheir Fares Mariano Loveranes Joseph Ronaghan Arsenio Favor Michael Luke Arthur Rosenthal Leonard Fichter Vincent Lusco Kathryn Safford Columbus Floyd Ralph Maeda Fred Sakurai Enio Fontanelli Don McCord Simon Santos Jerald Friedman R McCormick Larry Sasaki Jerald Friedman James McCullough Thomas Saucedo Michael Friley Kevin McGeever Juan Sauer Domingo Galliano Rodney McMillin Greg Savoy Carlos Garcia David McNeir Robert Scheirer Joel Garmon Nabil Megally Kenneth Schemmer Jerry Gaston Nichole Meissner David Schlarman Rick Gemma Herbert Meites Robert Schlessel Clark Gerhart Howard Melton Richard Schunior Diana Gillmore Alexander Miller Bryce Schuster Steven Grant John Miller Michael Schwalke Peter Grays Joseph Mims Roy Schwartz Werner Grebe Bhagwat Misra William Sclar Vincent Guardione Hara Misra Henrique Scott Anibal Hadad Victor Modesto John Semertzides Mohamad Hakim Brooks Monaghan John Shaver Mohamed Hamdani Michael Morris John Shearen Chelsea Hardin Julian Mosley W Shuttleworth Edgar Hernandez Nelson Mozia Anilkumar Singh William Howard David Neal Lee Skandalakis Michael Hsu Gary Neale John Smith Wayne Hudson Darren Nelson David Snyder Julie Hutchinson William Newman Jaime Soriano Jeffrey Islas Carol Newmyer Roosevelt Stallings Kenneth Janoff Dat Nguyen Richard Stewardson Kenneth Johnson Baolien Nguyen-Tu Robert Stewart Michael Keller Paul Nyongani Michael Sumida Smith Ketchum H. Obeidin S. Tahir Mazin Khateeb James Oglesby Kerry Thibodeaux Merick Kirshner John Olsofka Bruce Thomas Michael Koeplin Rolando Oro Montgomery Timms Elmer Valin Robin Williams Adil Yamour Kathryn Wagner Martha Wills Claudio Zamorano Bruce Waring Bryant Wilson Richard Zapanta Tarik Wasfie Kenneth Wing Bassem Zeidan Rebecca Wiebe Sandy Witzling

Nurse Practitioner -

Kelly Armstrong Mario Moreno Trisha Stuckey Darlene Birdwell Carol Raymond Lanaya Turner Susan Brame Cindy Rosek Laura Wheeler Elizabeth Fabry Sindy Sheldon P. Wright Susan Hutchins Christina Shim Joanne Yarrish Jill Konfist Carrie Solodky  

www.hna-net.com

About the Author

The Princess and her Panther by Wendy Orr and Lauren Stringer

Peeling the Onion, Wendy Orr, Excellent Book $4.99

SPOOK’S SHACK – WENDY ORR (PAPERBACK) NEW $8.14

Missing!: A Cat Called Buster by Wendy Orr (2011, Hardcover) $11.62

Lost! a Dog Called Bear, Orr, Wendy and Boase, Su 9780805089318 NEW Book $16.90

Mokie & Bik Go to Sea NEW by Wendy Orr $16.17

NEW Nim en el mar/ Nim at Sea – Orr, Wendy/ Millard, Ke $12.88

NIM’S ISLAND – KERRY MILLARD WENDY ORR (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.87

Nim at Sea, Wendy Orr, Good, Book $1.00

Peeling the Onion by Wendy Orr $1.00

WENDY ORR “WIE VERSTECKT MAN EINE INSEL” 2 CD HÖRBUCH $20.35

Wendy Orr – Nim At Sea (2010) – Used – Trade Cloth (Har $1.49

NEW Lost! A Dog Called Bear – Orr, Wendy/ Boase, Susan $9.73

NEW Lost! A Dog Called Bear – Orr, Wendy/ Boase, Susan $5.99

NIM’S ISLAND – KERRY MILLARD WENDY ORR (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.43

Nim’s Island – Wendy Orr, Kerry Millard – BRAND NEW $8.88

Mokie and Bik by Wendy Orr $1.00

Peeling the Onion Wendy Orr $5.84

Lost! a Dog Called Bear NEW by Wendy Orr $15.30

The Princess and Her Panther, Wendy Orr, Very Good Book $4.99

Spook’s Shack by Wendy Orr $4.46

Nim’s Island by Wendy Orr $4.24

Mokie And Bik by Jonathan Bean, Wendy Orr (2007, SOFT.. $4.99

The Princess and Her Panther-Wendy Orr $24.04

Nim en el mar/ Nim at Sea By Orr, Wendy/ Millard, Kerry (ILT)/ Bevia, Herminia $23.42

Nim’s Island, Wendy Orr, Good, Book $1.00

Fighting Back Pb (Black Apple) By Wendy Orr $1.99

Peeling the Onion by Wendy Orr $1.00

Aa-Choo! by Wendy Orr (1992, Paperback) $1.95

NEW Nim’s Island – Orr, Wendy/ Millard, Kerry (ILT) $5.99

PEELING THE ONION – WENDY ORR (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.45

LA ISLA DE NIM / NIM’S ISLAND – KERRY MILLARD, ET AL. WENDY ORR (PAPERBACK) NEW $13.01

NIM EN EL MAR/ NIM AT SEA – KERRY MILLARD, ET AL. WENDY ORR (HARDCOVER) NEW $28.18

GROTE, ULRIKE – WENDY ORR: WIE VERSTECKT MAN EINE INSEL $12.52

Nim’sm Island by Wendy Orr CF11 $8.14

Nim’s Island-Wendy Orr, Kerry Millard $11.70

Lost! a Dog Called Bear By Orr, Wendy/ Boase, Susan (ILT) $20.18

Ark In The Park by Wendy Orr Kerry Millard CF11* $5.91

NEW Peeling the Onion – Orr, Wendy 9780440227731 $5.99

Nim at Sea by Wendy Orr $2.45

Nim’s Island NEW by Wendy Orr $15.30

Nim’s Island By Wendy Orr. 9780141324081 $1.99

Lost! a Dog Called Bear by Wendy Orr (2011, Paperback) $4.74

A Train to the City by Wendy Orr (1993, Hardcover) $3.99

Peeling the Onion, Wendy Orr, Good Book $1.00

Lost! a Dog Called Bear by Wendy Orr (2011, Paperback) $14.99

Nim’s Island by Wendy Orr (2008, Paperback, Reprint) $14.99

NEW Missing! – Orr, Wendy/ Castelao, Patricia (ILT) $9.73

NEW Missing! – Orr, Wendy/ Boase, Susan (ILT) $5.99

Nim’s Island by Wendy Orr (2008, Unabridged, Compact… $5.76

Super Doopers: Alroy’s Very Nearly Clean Bedroom by Wendy Orr 0582380979 $9.18

A Light in Space by Wendy Orr 1550379755 $4.97

Nim’s Island by Wendy Orr 0439442478 $4.97

Nim’s Island by Wendy Orr 0545081998 $4.97

Peeling the Onion by Wendy Orr $1.00

Aussie Nibbles: Too Much Stuff – Wendy Orr, AS NEW $10.63

LOST! A DOG CALLED BEAR – SUSAN BOASE WENDY ORR (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.80

LA ISLA DE NIM / NIM’S ISLAND – KERRY MILLARD, ET AL. WENDY ORR (PAPERBACK) NEW $11.68

Nim’s Island by Wendy Orr (2008, Paperback, Reprint) $5.43

Lost! a Dog Called Bear, Orr, Wendy and Boase, Su 9780805093810 NEW Book $9.49

Peeling the Onion by Wendy Orr (1999, Paperback, Rep… $1.00

Lost! a Dog Called Bear by Wendy Orr (2011, Hardcover) $11.62

Missing!: A Cat Called Buster by Wendy Orr (2011, Paperback) $4.74

Nim’s Island by Wendy Orr (2002, Paperback, Reprint) $5.43

Nim’s Island, Orr, Wendy and Millard, 9780385736060 NEW Book $9.64

Nim’s Island, Wendy Orr, Acceptable Book $1.00

Nim’s Island Wendy Orr $4.00

Wendy Orr – Ark in the Park ch sc 0811 $6.29

Wendy Orr – Nims Island (2002) – Used – Trade Paper (Pa $2.99

Mind Blowing by Wendy Orr C11 $6.33

Leaving it to You by Wendy Orr $5.37

Pegasus and Ooloo Mooloo (Micki and Daniel Series), Wendy Orr, New, Library Bind $9.16

Nim’s Island by Wendy Orr $1.00

Mokie And Bik Orr, Wendy/ Bean, Jonathan (Illustrator) $20.57

Mokie and Bik Go to Sea Orr, Wendy/ Bean, Jonathan (Illustrator) $20.44

Lost! a Dog Called Bear Orr, Wendy/ Boase, Susan (Illustrator) $15.48

Missing! : a Cat Called Buster: A Cat Called Buster Orr, Wendy/ Castelao, Patric $20.27

Lost! a Dog Called Bear Orr, Wendy/ Boase, Susan (Illustrator) $6.11

Missing! : a Cat Called Buster: A Cat Called Buster Orr, Wendy/ Castelao, Patric $6.11

La isla de Nim / Nim’s Island Orr, Wendy/ Millard, Kerry (Illustrator)/ Bevida, $15.20

La isla de Nim / Nim’s Island Orr, Wendy/ Millard, Kerry (Illustrator)/ Bevia, H $24.40

Nim en el mar/ Nim at Sea Orr, Wendy/ Millard, Kerry (Illustrator)/ Bevia, Hermi $24.54

La isla de Nim / Nim’s Island Orr, Wendy/ Millard, Kerry (Illustrator) $9.32

Lost! a Dog Called Bear NEW by Wendy Orr $7.95

Nim’s Island by Wendy Orr (2008, PB) illustrated girl & Dad live on island $4.98

Mokie & Bik NEW by Wendy Orr $16.00

Nim’s Island Orr, Wendy/ Millard, Kerry (Illustrator) $20.27

Poetry of William Blake read by Wendy hiller David King Peter Orr LP SA 1061 $6.66

NEW – Nim at Sea by Wendy Orr $5.20

Nim’s Island Orr, Wendy $9.56

NEW Mokie & Bik Go to Sea – Orr, Wendy/ Bean, Jonathan $10.42

ARK IN THE PARK Wendy Orr & Kerry Millard PB Book $8.46

ARK IN THE PARK PB WENDY ORR 080506818X 2000 $6.95

NIM’S ISLAND (film tie-in) By Wendy Orr $19.95

Peeling the Onion Wendy ORR How Many Layers Hide Person AWARD TITLE $13.49

Leaving it to You by Wendy Orr $7.98

Mokie and Bik Go to Sea by Wendy Orr $10.95

Nim’s Island Wendy Orr $29.26

Nim’s Island by Wendy Orr (2002, paperback) $4.75

Nim’s Island, Wendy Orr, Acceptable Book $1.00

Nim’s Island NEW by Wendy Orr $8.52

Tiernan Cate

Tiernan Cate

Do you know of an free on-line copy of Dark Magik by Cate Tiernan?

This is the 4th Book in the Sweep Series and I have the first three read and I have library copies of the rest (except this one of coarse), My Library dosen’t carry this book so they are ordering it from another one that is out of town, I love this series and I can’t stand to wait untill later to read it , so please if you know where i can find this online please help me!

So you’d rather steal it than wait?

Theft or patience? You need to choose what kind of person you want to be. Just because you want it now, doesn’t mean you’re entitled to it.

Either wait for your library’s copy, or start saving your pennies to purchase your own. It’s the right thing to do.

Any free download you find online is ILLEGAL and in violation of copyright laws. Please don’t participate in the theft of an author’s work.

Awakening by Cate Tiernan

Book of Shadows (Sweep, No. 1), Cate Tiernan, Good, Paperback $5.98

Cate Tiernan – Immortal Beloved 02 Darkness (2012) – Ne $12.14

Dark Magick (Sweep, No. 4), Cate Tiernan, Good Books $4.99

Origins (Sweep, No. 11) by Cate Tiernan $4.24

Awakening by Cate Tiernan (2007, Paperback) $2.00

Seeker by Cate Tiernan (2008, Paperback) $2.00

Sweep: Dark Magick / Awakening / Spellbound by Cate Tiernan (2010, Paperback) $9.99

The Coven by Cate Tiernan (2001, Paperback) Sweep $5.99

Darkness Falls by Cate Tiernan NEW ARC Immortal Beloved Novel Collectable PB $7.00

Sweep: Reckoning / Full Circle / Night’s Child by Cate Tiernan (2011, Paperback) $2.00

Dark Magick, Awakening, and Spellbound – Cate Tiernan $12.57

The Calling, Changeling, and Strife – Cate Tiernan $12.37

Immortal Beloved: Bk. 1 (Export ed) – Cate Tiernan $7.49

RECKONING – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.83

Spellbound, Tiernan, Cate 9780142410219 NEW Book $11.11

The Calling, Tiernan, Cate 9780142410226 NEW Book $10.84

Changeling, Tiernan, Cate 9780142410233 NEW Book $10.84

Cate Tiernan – Balefire 03 Feather Of Stone (2010) – Us $1.49

Cate Tiernan – Sweep 06 Spellbound (2010) – Used – Trad $2.99

Dark Magick (Sweep, No. 4) by Cate Tiernan $1.00

NEW Immortal Beloved – Tiernan, Cate 9780316035927 $10.34

NEW Balefire – Tiernan, Cate 9781595144119 $5.99

FULL CIRCLE – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.45

Strife (Wicca) By Cate Tiernan $5.99

SWEEP ECLIPSE – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.80

CHANGELING – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.30

ORIGINS – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.80

BOOK OF SHADOWS – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $8.61

Immortal Beloved by Cate Tiernan HC new $8.40

BLOOD WITCH – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.97

Book of Shadows (Sweep, No. 1) by Cate Tiernan $1.00

Wicca Sweep # 13 Reckoning by Cate Tiernan NEW book $13.77

Changeling by Cate Tiernan (2008, Paperback) $0.99

Changeling (Sweep, No. by Cate Tiernan $1.00

The Coven by Cate Tiernan (2007, Paperback, Reissue) $0.99

Origins (Sweep, No. 11) by Cate Tiernan $1.00

Sweep Eclipse by Cate Tiernan (2008, Paperback) $0.75

Complete Cate Tiernan Sweep Series Set Books 1-15 $19.99

Sweep Volume 1 and Book 4 and 7 Cate Tiernan lot of 3 $7.00

Cate Tiernan AWAKENING Wicca/Sweep #5 2002 Young Adult $9.04

Cate Tiernan BLOOD WITCH Wicca/Sweep #3 2002 Young Adult $9.04

Cate Tiernan BOOK OF SHADOWS Wicca/Sweep #1 2002 Young Adult $9.04

Cate Tiernan CHANGELING Wicca/Sweep #8 2002 Young Adult $9.04

Cate Tiernan ECLIPSE Wicca/Sweep #12 2003 Young Adult $9.04

Cate Tiernan ORIGINS Wicca/Sweep #11 2002 Young Adult $9.04

Cate Tiernan SEEKER Wicca/Sweep #10 2002 Young Adult $9.04

Cate Tiernan SPELLBOUND Wicca/Sweep #6 2002 Young Adult $9.04

Cate Tiernan STRIFE Wicca/Sweep #9 2002 Young Adult $9.04

Cate Tiernan THE CALLING Wicca/Sweep #7 2002 Young Adult $9.04

Cate Tiernan THE COVEN Wicca/Sweep #2 2002 Young Adult $9.04

* AWAKENING Cate Tiernan unabridged audio book on MP3 $29.95

Sweep Origins: Book Eleven Tiernan, Cate $10.06

Sweep Eclipse: Book Twelve Tiernan, Cate $7.18

Reckoning Tiernan, Cate $11.56

Night’s Child Tiernan, Cate $9.25

Sweep: The Calling / Changeling / Strife: Vol 3 Tiernan, Cate $11.39

Strife Wicca by Cate Tiernan 0141315504 $4.97

SWEEP FOR YOUNG ADULTS BY CATE TIERNAN $7.95

Sweep series by Cate Tiernan lot of 5 pb bks #1,2,8,9,10,12 $12.99

CATE TIERNAN : BALEFIRE 4 total books in the one here $6.82

CATE TIERNAN ; NEW! First in Trilogy : IMMORTAL BELOVED $7.44

Cate Tiernan – Sweep 10 Seeker (2011) – Used – Trade Pa $2.99

Sweep: The Calling / Changeling / Strife by Cate Tiernan (2011, Paperback) $6.12

Immortal Beloved Tiernan, Cate $23.94

Book of Shadows: AND The Coven – Cate Tiernan $16.90

Sweep: Dark Magick / Awakening / Spellbound by Cate Tiernan (2010, Paperback) $7.00

Sweep 13: reckoning by Cate Tiernan (2002, Softcover) $7.99

Sweep 12: eclipse by Cate Tiernan (2002, Softcover) $7.99

Sweep Super Edition: Night’s Child by Cate Tiernan (2003, Softcover) $7.99

STRIFE – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.72

Full Circle Tiernan, Cate $11.48

Sweep: Dark Magick, Awakening, and Spellbound: Vol 2 Tiernan, Cate $11.39

Sweep 3: blood witch by Cate Tiernan (2002, Softcover) $7.99

The Coven (Sweep, No. 2) by Cate Tiernan $4.95

Sweep Complete Series 1-15 Cate Tiernan Teen YA Witch Paranormal $59.99

Blood Witch: Sweep #3 wicca magic by Cate Tiernan $3.00

Book of Shadows: Sweep #1 wicca magic by Cate Tiernan $2.00

Changeling: Sweep #8 wicca magic by Cate Tiernan $2.00

Sweep: Dark Magick / Awakening / Spellbound by Cate Tiernan (2010, Paperback) $5.00

Strife (Sweep, No. 9) by Cate Tiernan $1.00

Balefire Omnibus By Tiernan, Cate $15.05

Dark Magick-Cate Tiernan $13.62

Dark Magick (Sweep, No. 4) by Cate Tiernan $0.99

Darkness Falls by Cate Tiernan (2012, Hardcover) $23.99

A Chalice of Wind #1 (Balefire) by Cate Tiernan $3.95

Immortal Beloved NEW by Cate Tiernan $17.06

NEW Darkness Falls – Tiernan, Cate 9780316035934 $11.19

NEW Immortal Beloved – Tiernan, Cate 9780316035910 $5.99

A Chalice Of Wind #1 Balefire by Cate Tiernan PB new $3.15

SWEEP – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $12.62

SWEEP – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $9.23

SWEEP – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $9.23

Spellbound (Sweep, No. 6), Cate Tiernan, Good Book $4.47

A Feather of Stone (Balefire, No. 3), Cate Tiernan, Goo $3.75

Cate Tiernan Complete Set Sweep Witch Wicca Series 1-15 NEW Lot $119.99

Sweep: Book of Shadows, The Coven, and Blood Witch: Volume 1, Cate Tiernan, Very $7.08

AWAKENING – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $10.97

SPELLBOUND – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.80

DARK MAGICK – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $8.69

THE COVEN – CATE TIERNAN (PAPERBACK) NEW $7.80